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Home > Data Security and Integrity
China’s Data Security Law is anything but frightening
By Henry Chen | 2021/6/23 0:40:26

About two weeks passed since China’s Data Security Law was passed.  During the last two weeks, I read the law and many articles on the law.  However, the articles seemingly did not address well the compliance risks that the law brings about to the enterprises that could be subject to the law.


The articles as I read hailed the law as a fundamental data law which dramatically changed the regulatory landscape of China.  However, the law, from my perspective, is just a hybrid of many laws in existence:

-Article 27, 29 and 30 are just respectively repetitive of Cybersecurity Law of China on classified protection;

-Article 31 is still repetitive of Cybersecurity Law of China on critical information infrastructure;

-Article 32 is repetitive of Anti-Unfair Competition Law or some other generic laws on not stealing the data of other persons;

-Article 34 is repetitive of Administrative Licensing Law where the provision of data processing related services in need of an administrative license shall obtain the license;

-Article 35 is repetitive of China’s Criminal Procedural Law on how Chinese police and national security officers should conduct investigation and obtain data and how Chinese enterprises and citizens should cooperate;

-Article 36 is repetitive of International Criminal Judicial Assistance Law on if and/or how to cooperate with non-Chinese governmental and judicial authorities in obtaining data from within China.


Indeed, Chapter 4 on “obligations of data security protection” (that is more related with businesses than some other parts of the law) might provide some compliance obligations which, however, are more like control measures or best practices on risk management – Article 33, which I did not comment above on being repetitive of existing laws, is an example.  Article 33 provides that “When providing services, an agency engaging in intermediary services for data trading shall require the data provider to explain the source of data, verify the identities of both parties to the transaction, and keep records of examination and verification and transaction” – these kinds of “dos” might be more suitable to be placed in a best-practice standard other than in such a law.


In other words, Chapter 4 (and some other parts of law) does not provide “don’ts” or prohibitive compliance obligations (like GDPR or the Law on the Protection of Personal Information (that China is to issue) does): you must not obtain personal information without the consent of the data owners or some prohibitive provisions.  The major difference between “don’ts” and “dos” is that “don’ts” provide bottom lines, violation of which is then punishable, but “dos” provide some things nice to have or to prevent bottom lines from being broken.  Short of “don’ts”, the law is not like a teeth-biting law – it is just a piece of policy-laws.  About policy law, you may get access to an article I published with PennLaws East Asia Law Review.  In short, policy-laws are enacted by either congresses (central or regional) or administrative departments in the form of law to carry out the political policies.


Certainly, it remains to be seen if China is going to adopt some implementation rules to flesh out some conceptual mechanism such as “data security examination system” (Article 24) and “export control over the data of controlled items” (Article 25), which are seemingly an animal too new to visualize so far.


In any event, we provide the law below for your further reference.


中华人民共和国数据安全法

Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China

 

(Adopted at the 29th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress on June 10, 2021)

 

第一章     总则

 

Chapter I General Provisions

 

第一条为了规范数据处理活动,保障数据安全,促进数据开发利用,保护个人、组织的合法权益,维护国家主权、安全和发展利益,制定本法。

Article 1 This Law is formulated with a view to regulating data processing activities, ensuring data security, promoting data development and utilization, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations, and safeguarding the sovereignty, security and development interests of the State.

 

第二条 在中华人民共和国境内开展数据处理活动及其安全监管,适用本法。

 

在中华人民共和国境外开展数据处理活动,损害中华人民共和国国家安全、公共利益或者公民、组织合法权益的,依法追究法律责任。

Article 2 This Law is applicable to data processing activities and its safety supervision within the territory of the People's Republic of China.

 

Anyone who conducts data processing activities outside the territory of the People's Republic of China and impairs the national security and public interests of the People's Republic of China or the legitimate rights and interests of a citizen or an organization shall be investigated for legal responsibility according to law.

 

第三条 本法所称数据,是指任何以电子或者其他方式对信息的记录。

 

数据处理,包括数据的收集、存储、使用、加工、传输、提供、公开等。

 

数据安全,是指通过采取必要措施,确保数据处于有效保护和合法利用的状态,以及具备保障持续安全状态的能力。

 

Article 3 "Data" as used in this Law means any electronic or other means of recording information.

 

Data processing, including data collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision, disclosure, etc.

 

Data security refers to taking necessary measures to ensure that data is in a state of effective protection and legal use, as well as the ability to guarantee a continuous state of security.

 

第四条 维护数据安全,应当坚持总体国家安全观,建立健全数据安全治理体系,提高数据安全保障能力。

Article 4 To maintain data security, it shall adhere to the overall concept of national security, establish and improve the data security governance system, and improve the ability to guarantee data security.

 

第五条 中央国家安全领导机构负责国家数据安全工作的决策和议事协调,研究制定、指导实施国家数据安全战略和有关重大方针政策,统筹协调国家数据安全的重大事项和重要工作,建立国家数据安全工作协调机制。

Article 5 The leading department of the central government for national security shall be responsible for decision-making, deliberation and coordination of the work of national data security, study, formulate and guide the implementation of national data security strategies and relevant major principles and policies, plan and coordinate major matters and work of national data security, and establish a coordination mechanism for the work of national data security.

 

第六条 各地区、各部门对本地区、本部门工作中收集和产生的数据及数据安全负责。

 

工业、电信、交通、金融、自然资源、卫生健康、教育、科技等主管部门承担本行业、本领域数据安全监管职责。

 

公安机关、国家安全机关等依照本法和有关法律、行政法规的规定,在各自职责范围内承担数据安全监管职责。

 

国家网信部门依照本法和有关法律、行政法规的规定,负责统筹协调网络数据安全和相关监管工作。

Article 6 All regions and departments shall be responsible for the data collected and generated in the work of their respective regions and departments and for the safety of the data.

 

Competent departments of industry, telecommunications, transportation, finance, natural resources, health, education, science and technology shall assume the responsibilities of data security supervision in their respective industries and fields.

 

Public security departments and state security departments shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Law and relevant laws and administrative regulations, assume the responsibilities of data security supervision and control within the scope of their respective functions and duties.

 

The Internet and Information Administration of the People's Republic of China shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Law, relevant laws and administrative regulations, be responsible for overall planning and coordination of network data security and relevant supervision.

 

第七条 国家保护个人、组织与数据有关的权益,鼓励数据依法合理有效利用,保障数据依法有序自由流动,促进以数据为关键要素的数字经济发展。

 

Article 7 The State protects the rights and interests of individuals and organizations in relation to data, encourages the lawful, reasonable and effective use of data, safeguards the lawful, orderly and free flow of data, and promotes the development of the digital economy with data as the key element.

 

第八条 开展数据处理活动,应当遵守法律、法规,尊重社会公德和伦理,遵守商业道德和职业道德,诚实守信,履行数据安全保护义务,承担社会责任,不得危害国家安全、公共利益,不得损害个人、组织的合法权益。

Article 8 Data processing activities shall be carried out in compliance with laws and regulations, respect social ethics and morals, observe business ethics and professional ethics, be honest and trustworthy, and those involved shall perform data security protection obligations and assume social responsibilities, and shall not endanger national security and public interests, or damage the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations.

 

第九条 国家支持开展数据安全知识宣传普及,提高全社会的数据安全保护意识和水平,推动有关部门、行业组织、科研机构、企业、个人等共同参与数据安全保护工作,形成全社会共同维护数据安全和促进发展的良好环境。

Article 9 The State supports the publicity and popularization of data security knowledge, raises the awareness and level of data security protection of the whole society, and urges relevant departments, industrial organizations, scientific research institutions, enterprises and individuals to jointly participate in data security protection work, so as to form a good environment for the whole society to jointly safeguard data security and promote its development.

 

第十条 相关行业组织按照章程,依法制定数据安全行为规范和团体标准,加强行业自律,指导会员加强数据安全保护,提高数据安全保护水平,促进行业健康发展。

Article 10 Relevant industrial organizations shall, in accordance with the articles of association, formulate data security codes of conduct and group standards according to law, strengthen industry self-discipline, guide members to strengthen data security protection, improve data security protection level, and promote the healthy development of the industry.

 

第十一条 国家积极开展数据安全治理、数据开发利用等领域的国际交流与合作,参与数据安全相关国际规则和标准的制定,促进数据跨境安全、自由流动。

Article 11 The State actively carries out international exchanges and cooperation in the fields of data security governance, data development and utilization, participates in the formulation of international rules and standards related to data security, and promotes the safe and free flow of data across borders.

 

第十二条 任何个人、组织都有权对违反本法规定的行为向有关主管部门投诉、举报。收到投诉、举报的部门应当及时依法处理。

有关主管部门应当对投诉、举报人的相关信息予以保密,保护投诉、举报人的合法权益。

Article 12 Any individual or organization shall have the right to make a complaint or report to the competent department concerned about any act in violation of the provisions of this Law. The departments that have received complaints and reports shall handle them in time according to law.

 

The competent authorities concerned shall keep confidential the information of the complainant or informant, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of the complainant or informant.

 

第二章     数据安全与发展

Chapter II Data Security and Development

 

第十三条 国家统筹发展和安全,坚持以数据开发利用和产业发展促进数据安全,以数据安全保障数据开发利用和产业发展。

Article 13 The State makes overall plans for development and security, and adheres to promoting data security through data development and utilization and industrial development, and guaranteeing data development and utilization and industrial development through data security.

 

第十四条 国家实施大数据战略,推进数据基础设施建设,鼓励和支持数据在各行业、各领域的创新应用。

省级以上人民政府应当将数字经济发展纳入本级国民经济和社会发展规划,并根据需要制定数字经济发展规划。

Article 14 The State implements the big data strategy, promotes the construction of data infrastructure, and encourages and supports the innovative application of data in all industries and fields.

 

People's governments at or above the provincial level shall incorporate the development of digital economy into national economic and social development plans and formulate plans for the development of digital economy according to their needs.

 

第十五条国家支持开发利用数据提升公共服务的智能化水平。提供智能化公共服务,应当充分考虑老年人、残疾人的需求,避免对老年人、残疾人的日常生活造成障碍。

Article 15 The State supports the development and utilization of data to enhance the intelligence level of public services. In providing intelligent public services, full consideration should be given to the needs of the elderly and the disabled and remove obstacles in their daily lives.


第十六条 国家支持数据开发利用和数据安全技术研究,鼓励数据开发利用和数据安全等领域的技术推广和商业创新,培育、发展数据开发利用和数据安全产品、产业体系。

Article 16 The State supports research on data development and utilization and data security technology, encourages technical popularization and commercial innovation in the fields of data development and utilization and data security, and fosters and develops products and industrial systems for data development and utilization and data security.


第十七条 国家推进数据开发利用技术和数据安全标准体系建设。国务院标准化行政主管部门和国务院有关部门根据各自的职责,组织制定并适时修订有关数据开发利用技术、产品和数据安全相关标准。国家支持企业、社会团体和教育、科研机构等参与标准制定。

Article 17 The State promotes the construction of data development and utilization technology and data security standard system. The department of Standardization Administration under the State Council and other relevant departments under the State Council shall, on the basis of their respective functions and duties, organize the formulation and timely revision of relevant data development and utilization technology, product and data security related standards. The State supports the participation of enterprises, social organizations, educational and scientific research institutions in the formulation of standards.


第十八条 国家促进数据安全检测评估、认证等服务的发展,支持数据安全检测评估、认证等专业机构依法开展服务活动。

国家支持有关部门、行业组织、企业、教育和科研机构、有关专业机构等在数据安全风险评估、防范、处置等方面开展协作。

Article 18 The State promotes the development of such services as data security testing, assessment and certification, and supports such professional institutions as data security testing, assessment and certification to carry out service activities according to law.

The State supports the cooperation of relevant departments, industry organizations, enterprises, educational and scientific research institutions and relevant professional institutions in data security risk assessment, prevention and disposal.


第十九条 国家建立健全数据交易管理制度,规范数据交易行为,培育数据交易市场。

Article 19 The State shall establish and improve a data trading management system, standardizes data trading activities, and fosters a data trading market.


第二十条 国家支持教育、科研机构和企业等开展数据开发利用技术和数据安全相关教育和培训,采取多种方式培养数据开发利用技术和数据安全专业人才,促进人才交流。

Article 20 The State shall support educational institutions, scientific research institutions and enterprises in carrying out education and training related to data exploitation and utilization technology and data security, cultivate professionals in data exploitation and utilization technology and data security in various ways, and promote personnel exchanges.


第三章     数据安全制度

Chapter III Data Security System


第二十一条 国家建立数据分类分级保护制度,根据数据在经济社会发展中的重要程度,以及一旦遭到篡改、破坏、泄露或者非法获取、非法利用,对国家安全、公共利益或者个人、组织合法权益造成的危害程度,对数据实行分类分级保护。国家数据安全工作协调机制统筹协调有关部门制定重要数据目录,加强对重要数据的保护。

关系国家安全、国民经济命脉、重要民生、重大公共利益等数据属于国家核心数据,实行更加严格的管理制度。

各地区、各部门应当按照数据分类分级保护制度,确定本地区、本部门以及相关行业、领域的重要数据具体目录,对列入目录的数据进行重点保护。

Article 21 the state shall establish a data classification and grading protection system to ensure data security according to the importance of data in in the economic and social development and degree of damage to the national security, public interests or the legitimate rights and interests of individuals and organizations once it is tampered with, destroyed, leaked or illegally obtained, and illegally used. The national data security coordination mechanism coordinates with relevant departments to formulate important data catalogs and strengthen the protection of important data.

Data related to national security, the lifeblood of the national economy, people's livelihood, and major public interests are core national data, and a stricter management system will be implemented.

All localities and departments shall, in accordance with the data classification and grading protection system, determine the specific catalogues of important data in their localities, departments and related industries and fields, and give priority protection to the data listed in the catalogues.


第二十二条 国家建立集中统一、高效权威的数据安全风险评估、报告、信息共享、监测预警机制。国家数据安全工作协调机制统筹协调有关部门加强数据安全风险信息的获取、分析、研判、预警工作。

Article 22 The State establishes centralized, unified, efficient and authoritative data security risk assessment, reporting, information sharing, monitoring and early warning mechanisms. National data security work coordination mechanism shall coordinate the relevant departments to strengthen the acquisition, analysis, estimation and early alert of data security risk information.


第二十三条 国家建立数据安全应急处置机制。发生数据安全事件,有关主管部门应当依法启动应急预案,采取相应的应急处置措施,防止危害扩大,消除安全隐患,并及时向社会发布与公众有关的警示信息。

Article 23 The State establishes a data security emergency disposal mechanism. In case of a data security incident, the competent department concerned shall initiate the emergency plan according to law, take corresponding emergency disposal measures, prevent the expansion of loss, eliminate hidden security dangers, and timely release the warning information of concern to the public.


第二十四条 国家建立数据安全审查制度,对影响或者可能影响国家安全的数据处理活动进行国家安全审查。

依法作出的安全审查决定为最终决定。

Article 24 The State establishes a data security examination system to conduct a State security examination of data processing activities that affect or may affect State security.

The safety review decision made in accordance with the law shall be final.


第二十五条 国家对与维护国家安全和利益、履行国际义务相关的属于管制物项的数据依法实施出口管制。

Article 25 The State shall, according to law, exercise export control over the data of controlled items related to safeguarding national security and interests and fulfilling international obligations.


第二十六条 任何国家或者地区在与数据和数据开发利用技术等有关的投资、贸易等方面对中华人民共和国采取歧视性的禁止、限制或者其他类似措施的,中华人民共和国可以根据实际情况对该国家或者地区对等采取措施。

Article 26 Where any country or region adopts discriminatory prohibitions, restrictions or other similar measures against the People's Republic of China in respect of investment or trade related to data and data development and utilization technologies, the People's Republic of China may, in light of actual conditions, take reciprocal measures against that country or region.


第四章 数据安全保护义务

Chapter IV Obligations of Data Security Protection


第二十七条 开展数据处理活动应当依照法律、法规的规定,建立健全全流程数据安全管理制度,组织开展数据安全教育培训,采取相应的技术措施和其他必要措施,保障数据安全。利用互联网等信息网络开展数据处理活动,应当在网络安全等级保护制度的基础上,履行上述数据安全保护义务。

重要数据的处理者应当明确数据安全负责人和管理机构,落实数据安全保护责任。

Article 27 When carrying out data processing activities, it shall, in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations, establish and improve the data security management system for the whole process, organize and carry out data security education and training, and take corresponding technical measures and other necessary measures to ensure data security. Where data processing activities are carried out through the Internet and other information networks, the above-mentioned data security protection obligations shall be fulfilled on the basis of the multi-level network security protection system.

 

The person who handles important data shall define the person in charge of data security and the management organization, and implement the responsibility of data security protection.


第二十八条 开展数据处理活动以及研究开发数据新技术,应当有利于促进经济社会发展,增进人民福祉,符合社会公德和伦理。

Article 28 Data processing activities and research and development of new data technologies shall be conducive to promoting economic and social development, improving the well-being of the people and conforming to social morality and ethics.


第二十九条 开展数据处理活动应当加强风险监测,发现数据安全缺陷、漏洞等风险时,应当立即采取补救措施;发生数据安全事件时,应当立即采取处置措施,按照规定及时告知用户并向有关主管部门报告。

Article 29 In carrying out data processing activities, risk monitoring shall be strengthened, and remedial measures shall be taken immediately when data security defects, loopholes and other risks are found; In the event of a data security incident, it shall take immediate measures to deal with it, inform the user in time and report to the relevant competent authorities in accordance with relevant provisions.


第三十条 重要数据的处理者应当按照规定对其数据处理活动定期开展风险评估,并向有关主管部门报送风险评估报告。

风险评估报告应当包括处理的重要数据的种类、数量,开展数据处理活动的情况,面临的数据安全风险及其应对措施等。

Article 30 Important data processors shall, in accordance with relevant provisions, carry out regular risk assessments of their data processing activities and submit risk assessment reports to the relevant competent authorities.

 

The risk assessment report shall include the type and quantity of important data to be processed, the situation of carrying out data processing activities, the data security risks faced and the corresponding measures, etc.


第三十一条 关键信息基础设施的运营者在中华人民共和国境内运营中收集和产生的重要数据的出境安全管理,适用《中华人民共和国网络安全法》的规定;其他数据处理者在中华人民共和国境内运营中收集和产生的重要数据的出境安全管理办法,由国家网信部门会同国务院有关部门制定。

Article 31 The provisions of the Cyber security Law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to the outbound security management of important data collected and generated by the operators of critical information infrastructure during their operations within the territory of the People's Republic of China; Measures for the outbound safety administration of important data collected and generated by other data processors in their operations within the territory of the People's Republic of China shall be formulated by the Internet and Information Administration of China in conjunction with the relevant departments of the State Council.


第三十二条 任何组织、个人收集数据,应当采取合法、正当的方式,不得窃取或者以其他非法方式获取数据。

法律、行政法规对收集、使用数据的目的、范围有规定的,应当在法律、行政法规规定的目的和范围内收集、使用数据。

Article 32 Any organization or individual shall collect data by legal and legitimate means, and may not steal or obtain data by any other illegal means.

 

Where laws or administrative rules and regulations have provisions on the purposes and scope of data collection and use, the data shall be collected and used within the purposes and scope prescribed by laws or administrative rules and regulations.


第三十三条从事数据交易中介服务的机构提供服务,应当要求数据提供方说明数据来源,审核交易双方的身份,并留存审核、交易记录。

Article 33 When providing services, an agency engaging in intermediary services for data trading shall require the data provider to explain the source of data, verify the identities of both parties to the transaction, and keep records of examination and verification and transaction.


第三十四条法律、行政法规规定提供数据处理相关服务应当取得行政许可的,服务提供者应当依法取得许可。

Article 34 Where the provision of data processing related services is required to obtain an administrative license according to laws and administrative regulations, the service provider shall obtain the license according to law.


第三十五条公安机关、国家安全机关因依法维护国家安全或者侦查犯罪的需要调取数据,应当按照国家有关规定,经过严格的批准手续,依法进行,有关组织、个人应当予以配合。

Article 35 The public security department or the State security department shall, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State, retrieve data for the purpose of safeguarding State security or investigating crimes according to law. This process shall go through strict approval procedures and shall be carried out in accordance with the law, and the organizations and individuals concerned shall provide cooperation.


第三十六条中华人民共和国主管机关根据有关法律和中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约、协定,或者按照平等互惠原则,处理外国司法或者执法机构关于提供数据的请求。非经中华人民共和国主管机关批准,境内的组织、个人不得向外国司法或者执法机构提供存储于中华人民共和国境内的数据。

Article 36 The competent authorities of the People's Republic of China shall, in accordance with relevant laws and the international treaties and agreements concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China, or in accordance with the principle of equality and reciprocity, handle requests for the provision of data by foreign judicial or law enforcement agencies. No organization or individual within the territory of the People's Republic of China may provide data stored in the territory of the People's Republic of China to a foreign judicial or law enforcement agency without the approval of the competent authorities of the People's Republic of China.


第五章 政务数据安全与开放

Chapter V Security and Opening of Government Data


第三十七条 国家大力推进电子政务建设,提高政务数据的科学性、准确性、时效性,提升运用数据服务经济社会发展的能力。

Article 37 The State vigorously promotes the construction of e-government affairs, improves the scientific quality, accuracy and timeliness of government affairs data, and enhances the ability of using data to serve economic and social development.


第三十八条 国家机关为履行法定职责的需要收集、使用数据,应当在其履行法定职责的范围内依照法律、行政法规规定的条件和程序进行;对在履行职责中知悉的个人隐私、个人信息、商业秘密、保密商务信息等数据应当依法予以保密,不得泄露或者非法向他人提供。

Article 38 State departments shall collect and use data for the purpose of performing their statutory functions and duties in accordance with the conditions and procedures prescribed by laws and administrative rules and regulations within the scope of their statutory functions and duties. The personal privacy, personal information, trade secrets, confidential business information and other data obtained during the performance of duties shall be kept confidential according to law, and shall not be disclosed or illegally provided to others.


第三十九条 国家机关应当依照法律、行政法规的规定,建立健全数据安全管理制度,落实数据安全保护责任,保障政务数据安全。

Article 39 State departments shall, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, establish and improve the data security management system, implement the responsibility of data security protection, and guarantee the security of government affairs data.


第四十条 国家机关委托他人建设、维护电子政务系统,存储、加工政务数据,应当经过严格的批准程序,并应当监督受托方履行相应的数据安全保护义务。受托方应当依照法律、法规的规定和合同约定履行数据安全保护义务,不得擅自留存、使用、泄露或者向他人提供政务数据。

Article 40 Where a state department entrusts others to build and maintain an e-government system, store and process government data, it shall go through strict approval procedures, and shall supervise the entrusted party to fulfill corresponding obligations of data security protection. The party so entrusted shall perform the data security protection obligations in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations and the contract, and shall not retain, use, disclose or provide administrative data to others without authorization. 


第四十一条 国家机关应当遵循公正、公平、便民的原则,按照规定及时、准确地公开政务数据。依法不予公开的除外。

Article 41 State departments shall, in accordance with the principles of fairness, equity and convenience to the people, timely and accurately disclose administrative data in accordance with relevant regulations with the exception of those that cannot be disclosed according to law.


第四十二条 国家制定政务数据开放目录,构建统一规范、互联互通、安全可控的政务数据开放平台,推动政务数据开放利用。

Article 42 The State formulates a catalogue of government affairs data to be opened, builds a unified, standardized, interconnected, secure and controllable government affairs data opening platform, and promotes the open utilization of government affairs data.

 

第四十三条 法律、法规授权的具有管理公共事务职能的组织为履行法定职责开展数据处理活动,适用本章规定。

Article 43 The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to organizations authorized by laws and regulations to manage public affairs to carry out data processing activities in the performance of their statutory duties.


第六章 法律责任

Chapter VI Legal Responsibility


第四十四条 有关主管部门在履行数据安全监管职责中,发现数据处理活动存在较大安全风险的,可以按照规定的权限和程序对有关组织、个人进行约谈,并要求有关组织、个人采取措施进行整改,消除隐患。

Article 44 In the course of performing the functions and duties of data security supervision, the competent departments concerned may, upon finding that there are large security risks in data processing activities, conduct interviews with the organizations or individuals concerned within the prescribed limits of authority and procedures, and require the organizations or individuals concerned to take measures to rectify and eliminate hidden dangers.


第四十五条 开展数据处理活动的组织、个人不履行本法第二十七条、第二十九条、第三十条规定的数据安全保护义务的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告,可以并处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员可以处一万元以上十万元以下罚款;拒不改正或者造成大量数据泄露等严重后果的,处五十万元以上二百万元以下罚款,并可以责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处五万元以上二十万元以下罚款。

违反国家核心数据管理制度,危害国家主权、安全和发展利益的,由有关主管部门处二百万元以上一千万元以下罚款,并根据情况责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

Article 45 Any organization or individual engaging in data processing activities that fails to fulfill the data security protection obligations prescribed in Article 27, 29 and 30 of this Law shall be ordered to make corrections, given a warning and may also be imposed a fine of not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan by the competent authorities concerned; The person in charge directly responsible and other persons directly responsible may be imposed a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan; Refusing to correct or causing serious consequences such as large amounts of data disclosed carries a fine of not less than 500,000 yuan but not more than 2 million yuan and other consequences include suspension of relevant business, suspension for rectification, revocation of business license and a fine of not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 200,000 yuan on the person in charge directly responsible and other persons directly responsible.

 

In case of violation of the national core data management system and endangering the sovereignty, security and development interests of the State, the relevant competent authorities shall impose a fine of not less than 2 million yuan but not more than 10 million yuan, and order the suspension of relevant business, suspension of business for rectification, revocation of relevant business license according to the circumstances; If the case constitutes a crime, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.


第四十六条 违反本法第三十一条规定,向境外提供重要数据的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告,可以并处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员可以处一万元以上十万元以下罚款;情节严重的,处一百万元以上一千万元以下罚款,并可以责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款。

Article 46 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Article 31 of this Law, provides important data abroad shall be ordered to make corrections, given a warning and may also be imposed a fine of not less than 100, 000 yuan but not more than 1 million  yuan by the competent authorities concerned, and the person-in-charge directly responsible and other persons directly responsible may be imposed a fine of not less than 10, 000 yuan but not more than 100, 000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than one million yuan but not more than 10 million yuan shall be imposed, and the relevant business may be ordered to suspend or suspend business for rectification, the relevant business license may be revoked, and the person-in-charge directly responsible and other persons directly responsible shall be imposed a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan.


第四十七条 从事数据交易中介服务的机构未履行本法第三十三条规定的义务的,由有关主管部门责令改正,没收违法所得,处违法所得一倍以上十倍以下罚款,没有违法所得或者违法所得不足十万元的,处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款,并可以责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照;对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款。

Article 47 Where an institution engaging in intermediary services for data trading fails to fulfill its obligations as prescribed in Article 33 of this Law, the relevant competent department shall order it to make corrections, confiscate its illegal earnings and impose a fine of not less than one time but not more than 10 times its illegal earnings; If there is no illegal gain or the illegal gain is less than 100,000 yuan, it shall be imposed a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan, and it may also be ordered to suspend the relevant business, suspend business for rectification, revoke the relevant business license; the person-in-charge directly responsible and other persons directly responsible shall be imposed a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan.

 

第四十八条 违反本法第三十五条规定,拒不配合数据调取的,由有关主管部门责令改正,给予警告,并处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处一万元以上十万元以下罚款。

违反本法第三十六条规定,未经主管机关批准向外国司法或者执法机构提供数据的,由有关主管部门给予警告,可以并处十万元以上一百万元以下罚款,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员可以处一万元以上十万元以下罚款;造成严重后果的,处一百万元以上五百万元以下罚款,并可以责令暂停相关业务、停业整顿、吊销相关业务许可证或者吊销营业执照,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处五万元以上五十万元以下罚款。

Article 48 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Article 35 of this Law, refuses to cooperate with data retrieval shall be ordered to make corrections, given a warning and imposed a fine of not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan by the competent department concerned and the person-in-charge directly responsible and other persons directly responsible shall be imposed a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan.

 

Whoever, in violation of the provisions of Article 36 of this Law, provides data to a foreign judicial or law enforcement agency without the approval of the competent authorities shall be given a warning by the competent authorities concerned and may, in addition, be imposed a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 1 million yuan and the person-in-charge directly responsible and other persons directly responsible shall be imposed a fine of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan; If serious consequences have been caused, a fine of not less than 1 million yuan but not more than 5 million yuan shall be imposed, and the relevant business may be ordered to suspend, suspend business for rectification, and the relevant business license may be revoked and the person-in-charge directly responsible and other persons directly responsible shall be imposed a fine of not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan.


第四十九条 国家机关不履行本法规定的数据安全保护义务的,对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。

Article 49 If a State department fails to fulfill its data security protection obligations as provided for in this Law, the person in charge directly responsible and other personnel directly responsible shall be subject to sanctions according to law.


第五十条 履行数据安全监管职责的国家工作人员玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊的,依法给予处分。

Article 50 State functionaries performing the functions of data security supervision and control who neglect their duties, abuse their powers, or engage in malpractices for personal gain shall be punished according to law.

 

第五十一条 窃取或者以其他非法方式获取数据,开展数据处理活动排除、限制竞争,或者损害个人、组织合法权益的,依照有关法律、行政法规的规定处罚。

Article 51 Whoever steals or obtains data by other illegal means, carries out data-processing activities to eliminate or limit competition, or impairs the lawful rights and interests of individuals or organizations shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations.


第五十二条 违反本法规定,给他人造成损害的,依法承担民事责任。

违反本法规定,构成违反治安管理行为的,依法给予治安管理处罚;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。

Article 52 Anyone who violates the provisions of this Law and causes damage to another person shall bear civil liability in accordance with law.

 

Whoever violates the provisions of this Law and constitutes an act against the administration of public security shall be given administrative penalties for public security according to law; If the case constitutes a crime, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.


第七章 附则

Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions


第五十三条 开展涉及国家秘密的数据处理活动,适用《中华人民共和国保守国家秘密法》等法律、行政法规的规定。

在统计、档案工作中开展数据处理活动,开展涉及个人信息的数据处理活动,还应当遵守有关法律、行政法规的规定。

Article 53 Data processing activities involving state secrets shall be governed by the Law of the People's Republic of China on Guarding State Secrets and other laws and administrative regulations.

 

In carrying out data processing activities in statistics and archival work and in carrying out data processing activities involving personal information, the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations shall also be observed.


第五十四条 军事数据安全保护的办法,由中央军事委员会依据本法另行制定。

Article 54 Measures for the security protection of military data shall be formulated separately by the Central Military Commission in accordance with this Law.


第五十五条 本法自202191日起施行。

Article 55 This Law shall come into force as of September 1, 2021.


_________

The author, Henry Chen, licensed to practice law in China and New York, is a senior partner at the Dentons office in Shanghai. Before joining Dentons, Henry was AP Compliance Director of Ford.  Henry Chen is also Certified Information Security Personnel (CISP) and Critical Information Infrastructure Personnel (CIIP).


Henry Chen is a drafter of China national standard (draft) Information security technology-Cyber-data process security specification  (信息安全技术 网络数据处理安全规范).

Henry's practice areas include cyber security and data governance, FCPA, anti-bribery and fraud investigations, economic sanctions and trade controls, compliance management systems, corporate matters and dispute resolution. You can reach Henry by sending an email to henry.chen@dentons.cn. Henry is the author of the book Risk Management on Commercial Bribery in China and the book Compliance Risks of Enterprises in Globalization: Outbreak and Control.


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